ON THIS PAGE: Edward C. Blucher | James W. Cronin | Henry J. Frisch | Young-Kee Kim | Frank S. Merritt | Mark J. Oreglia | James E. Pilcher | Melvyn J. Shochet | Yau W. Wah | Bruce D. Winstein

Experimental High Energy Physics

The High Energy Physics group at the University of Chicago includes members of the Department of Physics who are active in a range of experiments studying the fundamental constituents of matter. The work includes accelerator-based experiments, studies using nuclear reactors, and the detection of new particles from astrophysical sources. Research in experimental particle physics takes place within the Enrico Fermi Institute and in many cases is joint with faculty from other university departments. Faculty also work in close collaboration with researchers at CERN, the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory. The University of Chicago manages the latter two laboratories for the Department of Energy. Current research in the Department includes:

1. Studies of p-p interactions at 14 TeV using the LHC collider at CERN,
2. Studies of pbar-p interactions at 2 TeV using the Tevatron collider at Fermilab,
3. Searches for supersymmetric particles, the Higgs boson, and other unobserved forms of matter,
4. Precision tests of the electroweak theory through measurements of the properties of the top quark and the W and Z bosons,
5. Searches for dark matter, both in collider experiments and from astrophysicas sources,
6. Study of neutrino oscillations,
7. Studies of the highest energy cosmic rays,
8. High-precision measurement of CP violation in K decays and high-sensitivity search for rare K decays,
9. R&D work, both of new collider facilities and of measurement tools which can expand the reach of current research.

Details of these activities and links describing the various research groups in high energy physics can be found on the HEP web page and the research page of the Kavli Institute. Details of activities of individual members of the department follow below.

 Edward C. Blucher

Ph.D., Cornell, 1988.
Professor, Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, and the College.
Experimental physics, particle physics.

My current research involves studies of oscillations between different flavors of neutrinos. Recent observations of neutrino oscillations raise the exciting possibility of searching for violation of CP symmetry in the neutrino sector. The CP symmetry, which reverses left and right and changes particles into antiparticles, is thought to be necessary for understanding the striking asymmetry in the abundance of matter and antimatter in the Universe. The first step in this search is to detect the last unobserved type of neutrino flavor oscillation. Together with collaborators from France, Spain, Germany, U.K., Japan, Brazil, Russia, and the U.S., we are constructing an experiment to search for this last oscillation using neutrinos from a nuclear power station in northern France. The experiment, called Double Chooz, will begin taking data in 2009 and will run for a few years.

Our group is also completing several studies of CP violation in the neutral kaon system. Professors Wah, Winstein, and I, with a group of physicists from twelve universities, built an experiment called KTeV (Kaons at the TeVatron). The experiment collected data from 1996-2000, and established the existence of a new form of CP violation called direct CP violation. We are completing the analysis of this data sample to make the most precise measurement of direct CP violation along with many other parameters of the neutral kaon system. Our group also used the KTeV data sample to make a new measurement of the u-quark to s-quark coupling, resolving a more than 20 year old puzzle.

• Epsilon'/Epsilon results from KTeV. E. Blucher. In proceedings of 19th International Symposium on Lepton and Photon Interactions at High Energies, Stanford, California, 1999.
• Observation of Direct CP Violation in K_S,L-->pi pi Decays. A. Alavai-Harati et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 22, 1999.
• A Determination of the CKM parameter |V(us)|. T. Alexopoulos et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 3, 181802, 2004.
• Measurements of K(L) branching fractions and the CP violation parameter |eta+-|. T. Alexopoulos et al., Phys. Rev. D 70, 092006, 2004.
• Measurements of direct CP violation, CPT symmetry, and other parameters in the neutral kaon system. A. Alavi-Harati et al., Phys. Rev. D 67, 012005, 2003.
• Report of the APS Neutrino Study Reactor Working Group, E. Abouzaid et al. LBNL-56599, Oct 2004.
• Status of the Cabibbo angle, E. Blucher et al., hep-ph/0512039, 2005

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James W. Cronin

See Prof. Cronin's entry under Experimental Astrophysics.

 Henry J. Frisch

Ph.D., California, Berkeley, 1971.
Professor, Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, and the College.
Experimental physics, particle physics.

Prof. Frisch has a home page.

Our group is looking for Supersymmetry, Large Extra Dimensions, heavy right-handed quarks, new gauge bosons corresponding to new symmetries, and other new phenomena related to explaining electro-weak symmetry breaking, flavor, and the mass hierarchy. We have a wealth of new data from the CDF detector at the Tevatron, and are scheduled to continue running (taking data) through FY2009. The advantages of working at the Tevatron are that one can move fast into new and unique data, the groups one works with directly are small, and one should be able to make a topic ones own and finish a thesis quickly. In addition, the Tevatron can explore the lighter supersymmetric mass regions and make precision mass measurements of the W and top, a precision test of the Standard Model, which may prove very difficult at the LHC.

The analyses underway in our group at present with the new data from the ongoing run of CDF are: a search for Supersymmetry via the top quark decaying into a charged Higgs boson; for heavy right-handed quarks (postulated to explain the CKM matrix); searches for new heavy bosons and quarks such as would appear in large-extra-dimensions, and for anomalies in the photon+lepton+X sample, for which the light stop squark would be a good candidate (the stau slepton is another possibility).

In addition, our group is developing picosecond electronics and detectors for the identification of charged particles and the precise measurement of photon momenta. The electronics we are developing, with the Electronics Development Group of the Institute, is more than a factor of 100 faster than typical state-of-the art in HEP. We are also exploring the application of these techniques to medical radiolical applications (PET in particular).

This latter work is a wonderful way to learn cutting-edge instrumentation in a small group. I believe strongly that we train experimentalists and not `high-energy-physicists' or any other label; with a solid grounding in techniques one should be able to move among fields to go where the most interesting questions await.

More details on the beyond-the-Standard Model exploration and the instrumentation development are available on my home page at my home page.

• A Search for New Physics in Photon-Lepton Events . With J. Berryhill (Ph.D thesis) and the CDF Collaboration. To be submitted to Phys. Rev. D., June 2001.
• Search for Narrow Diphoton Resonances and for Diphoton + W/Z Signatures in pbarp Collisions at sqrt(s)=1.8 TeV. With A. Castro, P. Wilson, and the CDF Collaboration, to be submitted to Phys. Rev. D., June 2001.
• Search for New Physics in Events with a Photon and b-quark jet at CDF . With R. Culbertson and the CDF Collaboration. To be submitted to Phys. Rev. D., June 2001.
• Limits on Extra Dimensions and New Particle Production in the $\gamma + X$ signature at CDF Limits on Gravitino Production. With P. Onyisi (UC undergraduate) and the CDF Collaboration. To be submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett., summer 2001.
• Search for New Heavy Particles in the WZ Final state in pbarp Collisions at root-s=1.8 Tev. With C. Battle, D. Toback, and the CDF Collaboration. To be submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett., summer 2001.
• Higgs Searches at the Tevatron. Invited Talk at SUSY 2000, CERN, Geneva, CH, June 27, 2000.
• The Search for Supersymmetry at the Tevatron Collider. With M. Carena, R.L. Culbertson, S. Eno, and S. Mrenna. Rev. Mod. Phys., 1998,. Also in Perspectives in Supersymmetry, ed. G. Kane, World Scientific, 1999.
• Introduction to High Pt Physics at the Tevatron (Two Lectures at the NATO Summer School, Cargese, France, July 1998.

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 Young-Kee Kim

Ph.D., University of Rochester, 1990.
Professor, Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, and the College.
Experimental physics, particle physics.
Research Homepage: http://hep.uchicago.edu/~ykkim/

My main physics interests are to understand the orgin of mass and the origin of the asymmetry between matter and anti-matter presently observed in our universe. Most of my current research is at the CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab) experiment, a high energy physics experiment operating at the Tevatron, which brings together an international collaboration of over 800 physicists. Fermilab's Tevatron is currently the world's highest energy accelerator, colliding protons with antiprotons at a center-of-mass energy of 2 trillion volts. My group has played a major role in the detector construction and operation as well as in the data analysis from this experiment. In 1995, we, along with the sister experiment DZero, discovered the sixth and perhaps final quark, called the top quark

Toward understanding the orgin of mass, the emphasis of my research has been the studies of the W boson (carrier of weak force, responsible for radioactive decays) and the top quark, nature's heaviest quark. Through quantum corrections, accurate measurements of the mass of the top quark and the mass of the W boson provide information about the mass of the Higg boson which is responsible for giving masses to elementary particles. My most recent work is in measuring the mass of the top quark. In addition, I am pursuing properties of the bottom quark, in particular its ability to mix into its antiparticle. This is an important measurement for understanding the phenomena of the asymmetry between matter and anti-matter.

Selected Publications
get them from: http://hep.uchicago.edu/~ykkim/research/publications.html

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 Frank S. Merritt

Ph.D., Cal. Tech., 1976.
Professor, Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, and the College.
Experimental physics, particle physics.

I am a member of the OPAL collaboration, which has been carrying out high-precision measurements of electroweak physics at the Large Electron Positron accelerator (LEP) at CERN. Measurements near the Z⁰ resonance (91.2 GeV) over a 5-year period have provided the most precise tests (<0.1%) of the Weinberg-Salam electroweak theory and other physics.

The LEP energy has been substantially increased over the last few years, reaching 200 GeV. This has opened up a number of new research areas, including the most sensitive search for the Higgs boson, the high-precision measurement of the W-boson mass through W⁺W^- pair-production events, and searches for supersymmetric particles and other new physics. Our group is now working on W-mass measurements, Higgs searches, other new-particle searches, precision measurements of the tau lepton, and heavy flavor physics.

I am also a member of the Chicago/ATLAS group, now developing the hadron calorimeter to be used in the ATLAS experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider. This will be by far the highest-energy accelerator in the world, and will take us into new physics beyond the Standard Model: supersymmetric particles, technicolor, and/or unexplained new phenomena. The Chicago group's major software effort focused initially on analysis of calorimeter test-beam data, and now on development of the analysis system and code for ATLAS data analysis.

• Precise Determination of the Z Resonance Parameters at LEP: Zedometry. G. Abbiendi et al. Eur. Phys. J. C19, 587, 2001.
• Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson in e+e- Collisions at sqrt(s)=192-209 GeV. G. Abbiendi et al. Phys. Lett. B499, 38, 2001.
• Two Higgs Doublet Model and Model Independent Interpretation of Neutral Higgs Boson Searches. G. Abbiendi et al. Eur. Phys. J. C18, 425, 2001.
• A Combination of Preliminary Electroweak Measurements and Constraints on the Standard Model. CERN-EP-2001-021.
• Measurement of the Mass and Width of the W Boson in e+e- Collisions at 189 GeV. G. Abbiendi et al. Phys. Lett. B. 507, 29, 2001.
• A Measurement of the Rate of Charm Production in W Decays. G. Abbiendi et al. Phys. Lett. B490, 71, 2000.
• Photonic Events with Missing Energy in e+e- Collisions at sqrt(s) = 189 GeV. Eur. Phys. J. C18, 253, 2000.
• Search for Higgs Bosons and New Particles Decaying into Two Photons at srqt(s) = 183 GeV. The OPAL Collaboration. K. Ackerstaff et al. Phys. Lett. B437, 218, 1998.

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Mark J. Oreglia

Ph.D., Stanford University, 1981.
Professor, Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, and the College.
Experimental physics, particle physics, gamma-ray astronomy.

Professor Oreglia has a home page.

I am a member of the ATLAS experiment at CERN, and this will be the main focus of my work for the foreseeable future.  My main interest is the search for new physics, particularly alternative models to the minimal Standard Model or minimal supersymmetric SM.  This continues my work on searches for SM and exotic Higgs bosons at LEP.

In addition to my ATLAS activities, I am involved in planning and detector R&D for the International Linear Collider (see the GDE site). I am co-spokesperson of the American Linear Collider Physics Group (url) and a member of the CALICE R&D collaboration as well as the SiD detector concept.  To achieve the physics potential of ILC, there is must work to do in order to advance the state of the art for detector systems, particularly the concept of “particle energy flow”.

• S. Dawson and M. Oreglia, “Physics opportunities with a TeV linear collider,” Ann. Rev. Nuci. Part. Sci. 2004 54:269 [arXiv:hep-ph/0403015].
• M. J. Oreglia et al., “Design Considerations for an International Linear Collider", http://blueox.uoregon.edu/ lc/scope.ps, (2003).
• The LEP Working Group for Higgs Boson Searches, “Search for Neutral MSSM Higgs Bosons at LEP”, Eur. Phys. J. C 47 (2006) [hep-ex/0602042].
• G. Abbiendi et al., “Flavor Independent H0A0 Search and two Higgs Doublet Model Interpretation of Neutral Higgs Boson Searches at LEP”, Eur.Phys.J.C40:317-332,2005. [HEP-EX 0408097]
• G. Abbiendi et al. [OPAL Collaboration], \Search for associated production of massive states decaying into two photons in e+ e- annihilations at s**(1/2) = 88-GeV - 209-GeV," Phys. Lett. B 544 (2002) 44 [arXiv:hep-ex/0207027].
• G. Abbiendi et al. [OPAL Collaboration],Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson in e+e- Collisions at SQRT(s) = 192-209 GeV. Phys. Lett. B499, 38, 2001.
• A Feasibility Study of a Neutrino Source Based on a Muon Storage Ring, N. Holtkamp et al. FERMILAB-PUB-00-108-E.
• Beam Test of Gammy-ray Large Area Space Telescope Components, W. Atwood et al. Nucl. Instrm. Meth. A446, 444, 2000.

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James E. Pilcher

Ph.D., Princeton, 1968.
Professor, Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, and the College.
Experimental physics, particle physics.

My research involves studying nature at the shortest possible distances and highest energy densities. I have been engaged for several years in the preparation of the ATLAS experiment for the CERN Large Hadron Collider. This facility will enable the study of proton-proton collisions at a center of mass energy of 14 TeV or seven times that of earlier work. It will allow us to probe the source of electroweak symmetry breaking, and perhaps to understand why the Higgs boson is as light as the precision electroweak data predicts. The facility also has the potential to produce forms of matter never before observed. These include supersymmetric states, dark matter, heavy gauge bosons, and mini black holes. Some of these experimental signatures could also be associated with extra dimensions.

Our research group is closely involved in the preparation of the calorimeter of the ATLAS detector. This device measures the direction and energy of final state quarks and gluons and hence plays an essential role in the search for final states with apparent missing energy.

My earlier work involved high precision studies of the electroweak interaction using the OPAL experiment at the LEP e+e- collider. We measured the mass of the W boson to a precision of 0.06% to put new constraints on the electroweak theory and its prediction of the Higgs boson mass. We also made precise measurements of the Z boson total width and its decay rates to quarks and leptons. These results provided important additional tests of the theory.

• Measurement of the Mass and Width of the W Boson, G. Abbiendi et al., Euro. Phys. Journal C45, 307 (2006).
• Precision Electroweak Measurements on the Z Resonance, The LEP Collaborations, Phys. Reports 427, 5 (2006).
• Design of the front-end analog electronics for the ATLAS tile calorimeter, K. Anderson et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A551, 469 (2005).
• Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson with the OPAL Detector at LEP, G. Abbiendi et al., Euro. Phys. Journal C26, 479 (2003).
• Precise Determination of the Z Resonance Parameters at LEP: Zedometry. G. Abbiendi et al. Eur. Phys. J. C19, 587, 2001.
• Search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson in e+e- Collisions at sqrt(s)=192-209 GeV. G. Abbiendi et al. Phys. Lett. B499, 38, 2001.
• Two Higgs Doublet Model and Model Independent Interpretation of Neutral Higgs Boson Searches. G. Abbiendi et al. Eur. Phys. J. C18, 425, 2001.
• Results from a New Combined Test of an Electromagnetic Liquid Argon Calorimeter with a Hadronic Scintillating-Tile Calorimeter, S. Akhmadaliev et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A449, 461 (2000).
• A Measurement of the Rate of Charm Production in W Decays. G. Abbiendi et al. Phys. Lett. B490, 71, 2000.

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 Melvyn J. Shochet

Ph.D., Princeton, 1972.
Elaine M. and Samuel D. Kersten, Jr. Distinguished Service Professor, Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, and the College.
Experimental physics, particle physics.

My research involves interactions between elementary particles at the highest manmade energies. For many years, this has been carried out with the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF), a massive detector that we built to study collisions between 1000 GeV protons and 1000 GeV antiprotons. With the large accumulated data sample, we have studied the strong and electroweak interactions and searched for new phenomena. Our most important result is the discovery of the top quark and the determination of its mass. Our latest top-quark mass measurement, which employs a new technique for significantly reducing the major systematic uncertainty, is (173.4 +/- 2.8) GeV, by far the most precise measurement of the mass of any quark. From this value, one can calculate the top quark's Yukawa coupling constant, the strength of its interaction with the Higgs Boson, the source of an elementary particle's mass. The Yukawa coupling constant for the top quark is 0.996 +/- 0.016, consistent with 1. This coupling to the source of mass is strong, unlike that of any other elementary particle, making it plausible that the top quark plays a special role in physics.

My group is now working on the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which will produce collisions 7 times more energetic than those at Fermilab. Our focus is an upgrade to the trigger, which selects interesting collisions in real time for later study. Hadron collider experiments can efficiently and quickly select events that contain electrons, muons, or generic hadron jets. However it is much more difficult to identify heavy elementary particles, the bottom quark and tau lepton, because of very large backgrounds. The new phenomena that should appear at the LHC will likely be characterized by the creation of heavy particles. This makes triggering on bottom quarks and tau leptons a priority. We are designing a set of trigger electronics boards that can identify these objects more than an order of magnitude faster than can otherwise be done. This device is based on the very successful Silicon Vertex Trigger (SVT) that we and our Italian colleagues built for CDF.

• Evidence for Top Quark Production in pbar-p Collisions at SQRT(s) = 1.8 TeV. The CDF Collaboration. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 225, 1994; also Phys. Rev. D 50, 2966, 1994.
• Observation of Top Quark Production in pbar-p Collisions with the CDF Detector at Fermilab. The CDF Collaboration. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2626, 1995.
• Search for Long-Lived Parents of Z Bosons in p-pbar Collisions at SQRT(s) = 1.8 TeV. The CDF Collaboration. Phys. Rev. D 58, 051102, 1998.
• The Top Quark. In The Particle Century, ed. by G. Fraser, Institute of Physics Publishing, 1998.
• Measurement of the t-tbar Production Cross Section in p-pbar Collisions at SQRT(s) = 1.96 TeV Using Kinematic Fitting of b-tagged Lepton + Jet Events. The CDF Collaboration. Phys. Rev. D 71, 072005 (2005).
• Precision Top Quark Mass Measurement in the Lepton + Jets Topology in p-pbar Collisions at SQRT(s) = 1.96 TeV, the CDF Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 022004 (2006).
• Measurement of the B⁰_s-B⁰_sbar Oscillation Frequency, the CDF Collaboration, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (June, 2006), hep-ex/0606027.

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 Yau W. Wah

Ph.D., Yale, 1983.
Professor, Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, and the College.
Experimental physics, particle physics.
Research Homepage: http://hep.uchicago.edu/cpv/

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 Bruce D. Winstein

Ph.D., Cal. Tech., 1970.
Samuel K. Allison Distinguished Service Professor, Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, and the College.
Experimental physics, particle physics, cosmology.

Visit the Center for Cosmological Physics.

Most of my research had been in accelerator-based particle physics, concentrating on studying symmetries in rare kaon decays. But for the 1999-2000 academic year, I took a sabbatical at Princeton to begin to learn how to detect the cosmic microwave background radiation, particularly its polarization.

We are deep into the era where the questions in particle physics and those in cosmology are becoming ever more entwined. Indeed, while the CMB was released already 400K years after the big-bang, it contains patterns that were imprinted at a far earlier era, perhaps as early as 10^-35 seconds, an era where the typical energies of particles was of order 10¹⁶ GeV, the Grand Unification (GUT) scale where we believe that all forces were unified.

My particle physics research focussed on interactions which distinguish matter and anti-matter. This work was done most recently with Professors Blucher and Wah in a Fermilab experiment called KTEV. While small violations of matter, anti-matter symmetry were discovered long ago (J. Cronin and V. Fitch, 1964), when we began KTeV it was uncertain whether that violation (CP violation) was only due to oscillations in the K, anti-K system or had a "direct" component (DCP), where the neutral Kaon and anti-Kaon decayed with different rates to pi⁺pi^- or to pi⁰pi⁰.

We built the best electromagnetic calorimeter in the field and produced the first definitive evidence for direct CP violation. (DCP was subsequently precisely measured by a European group, by further KTeV measurements, and it has now been seen in B-meson decays.) The value we found was larger than predicted at the time but the calculations are difficult. Nevertheless, it is a confirmation of an effect predicted within the Standard Model. It is also important in that such a direct effect may very well have played a role in the early universe: the "Sakharov" mechanism for generating a matter, anti-matter asymmetry in the universe requires such an effect. Of course the magnitude of the effect we discovered in the kaon system (parts per million decay rate differences) is far too small to account for the baryon asymmetry in the universe. But science does often advance in small steps.

The KTeV collaboration has published some 50 papers and analysis continues. One particularly pretty result concerns the observation for the first time of what is called a T-odd asymmetry in a particle decay, where the final state is two charged pions and two electrons. This comes about because of the known CP violation in the kaon quantum state, but it had been difficult to see before KTeV.

After my Princeton sabbatical, I worked to establish our NSF Center for Cosmological Physics which helped me start a small group and continue working with the Princeton collaboration (which grew to include JPL and Miami). We were able to make a polarization measurement at small angular scales using just a partial data sample from our experiment (called CAPMAP) which used a 7m telescope situated at Bell Labs in New Jersey, the same site where Penzias and Wilson first detected the CMB in 1965. The full data sample is under analysis now.

The Center also seeded the QUIET (link to quiet: http://quiet.uchicago.edu/) experiment, a much more ambitious effort towards a very deep study of the CMB polarization. We are using detectors developed at JPL and will observe from Chile with two or more frequencies, to help sort out galactic foregrounds. I stepped down from being the Center director in order to fully concentrate on QUIET which has just received 3 years of funding to deploy 100 detectors; if we do well, we should be able to secure more funding for the next step of 1000 detectors, likely bringing us to a sensitivity to explore physics at the GUT scale.

• Task Force on Cosmic Microwave Background Research, J. Bock et al., astro-ph/0604101.
• First measurements of the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation at small angular scales from CAPMAP, D. Barkats et al., Astrophys. J. 619 (2005) L127-L130; astro-ph/0409380.
• CMB Polarimetry using Correlation Receivers with the PIQUE and CAPMAP Experiments, D. Barkats et al., ApJS July 2005; v159 1, astro-ph/0503329.
• Lectures on the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, proceedings of the Slac Summer Institute (2003).
• Measurements of Direct CP Violation, CPT Symmetry, and Other Paramenters in the NeutralKaon System, A. Alavi-Harati et al., hep-ex/0208007 Phys. Rev. D 67, 012005 (2003).
• A Measurement of the K_L Charge Asymmetry, A. Alavi-Harati et al., hep-ex/0202016, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 181601 (2002).
• Observation of CP Violation in KL-> pi⁺pi^-e⁺e^- Decays. A.Alavi-Harati et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 408, 2000.
• Observation of Direct CP Violation in KS,L ^->pi pi Decays. A. Alavi-Harati et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 22, 1999.
• Determining the Phase of a Strong Scattering Amplitude from its Momentum Dependance to Better than 1: The Example of Kaon Regeneration. B. Briere and B. Winstein. Phys Rev. Lett. 75, 402, 1995.
• The Search for Direct CP Violation. B. Winstein and L. Wolfenstein. Rev. of Mod. Phys. 65, 4, 1993.

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